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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
09:42

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Published on: September 7, 2017

CG methylation.

Charles Vinson1, Raghunath Chatterjee

  • 1Laboratory of Metabolism, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.

Epigenomics
|December 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian genomes have few CG dinucleotides, with most methylated outside CpG islands. This methylation aids transcription factor binding, influencing gene expression and tissue differentiation.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian genomes exhibit a notable scarcity of CG dinucleotides.
  • CpG islands, comprising 5% of CGs, are typically unmethylated and associated with housekeeping gene promoters.
  • The majority of CG dinucleotides (95%) are methylated and found in 99% of the genome, including half of all promoters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the consequences of CG methylation in mammalian genomes.
  • To explore the role of CG methylation in gene regulation and transcription factor binding.
  • To survey the current understanding of how CG methylation impacts cellular differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research.
  • Literature review focusing on genomic CG dinucleotide patterns.
  • Analysis of the functional implications of CG methylation and its association with transcription factors.

Main Results:

  • Methylated CG dinucleotides are prevalent in non-CpG island regions of the genome.
  • CG methylation facilitates the binding of C/EBP transcription factors.
  • C/EBP transcription factors are crucial for tissue differentiation and gene expression regulation.

Conclusions:

  • CG methylation plays a significant role in genome regulation beyond CpG islands.
  • The interaction between CG methylation and C/EBP factors influences gene expression and cellular differentiation.
  • Understanding CG methylation consequences is vital for comprehending mammalian genome function.