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Published on: December 9, 2013
Gender disparity in cardiovascular disease: bias or biology?
1Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University School of Medicine, Consultant, Emory Heart and Vascular Center, Atlanta, GA, USA. nwenger@emory.edu
Abstract:
This article addresses gender disparity in cardiovascular disease, with selected examples used to explore whether these disparities represent bias, biology or both. Gender-specific basic and clinical cardiovascular research is needed to address these issues, with rigorous application required for the emerging knowledge. These explorations offer promise to improve cardiovascular outcomes for women and are the basis for the application of gender-based evaluation of pathophysiology, clinical presentations, preventive interventions, diagnostic strategies, therapies and outcomes of cardiovascular disease in women.
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