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Related Concept Videos

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

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Published on: September 26, 2013

Th17 cells in type 1 diabetes.

Shiying Shao1, Fan He, Yan Yang

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China.

Cellular Immunology
|December 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) involves T-cell destruction of beta cells. This review details how T helper 17 (Th17) cells contribute to T1D development and suggests therapeutic strategies targeting these cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by T-cell mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
  • While CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells are implicated, recent findings highlight the role of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in T1D pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics of Th17 cells.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of Th17-mediated T1D development.
  • To explore therapeutic strategies targeting Th17 cells for T1D.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research on Th17 cells and T1D.
  • Mechanisms discussed include Th17 cell expansion, Treg cell defects, and the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and monocytes.

Main Results:

  • Th17 cell expansion is dysregulated in T1D due to defective Treg cells and altered APC/monocyte function.
  • Pathogenic Th17 cells disrupt the balance between effector (Teff) and regulatory (Treg) T-cells.
  • Th17 cells may also contribute through conversion to Th1 phenotype and stimulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses.

Conclusions:

  • Th17 cells play a significant role in the development of Type 1 diabetes.
  • Understanding Th17-mediated mechanisms offers new therapeutic avenues for T1D.