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Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Blood Pressure Imbalances and Circulatory Shock

Blood Pressure Imbalances and Circulatory Shock

Disorders affecting blood volume, vascular tone, or vascular function can disrupt vascular homeostasis, including conditions like hypertension, hemorrhage, and shock.
Blood Pressure: Hypertension and Hypotension
Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Elevated blood pressure is 120-129/under 80 mm Hg. Hypertension, warranting treatment at 130/80 mm Hg, is often asymptomatic and can lead to severe cardiovascular events, aneurysms, peripheral arterial disease, chronic renal disease, or cardiac...

Introduction to Hemostasis

Introduction to Hemostasis

Hemostasis is a complex physiological process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. It's crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system, as it ensures that our blood remains fluid while still within the vascular network and yet clots to prevent blood loss upon vessel injury.
The three phases of hemostasis involve many clotting factors present in plasma and several substances released by platelets and injured tissue cells. It is a fast, localized, and...

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Disorders of Hemostasis

Disorders of Hemostasis

Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
Thromboembolic Disorders
Two factors primarily cause thromboembolic conditions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Standardized Hemorrhagic Shock Induction Guided by Cerebral Oximetry and Extended Hemodynamic Monitoring in Pigs

Standardized Hemorrhagic Shock Induction Guided by Cerebral Oximetry and Extended Hemodynamic Monitoring in Pigs

Published on: May 21, 2019

Hemorrhagic shock: The "physiology approach".

Fabrizio Giuseppe Bonanno¹

¹Trauma Directorate, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock

|December 19, 2012

Summary

A new approach to hemorrhagic shock management, focusing on physiological modulation, offers a safer and more effective strategy. Current guidelines are misleading; assessment and treatment must align with underlying physiology.

Area of Science:

Physiology
Trauma Care
Emergency Medicine

Background:

Current hemorrhagic shock management often forces clinical presentation to fit standardized protocols.
Existing guidelines may be counterproductive, leading to suboptimal patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To advocate for a paradigm shift in hemorrhagic shock management.
To emphasize the importance of a physiology-first approach in clinical practice.

Main Methods:

Re-evaluation of established hemorrhagic shock classification systems.
Analysis of clinical phenomena through their physiological underpinnings.

Main Results:

The 'physiology to clinics' approach is emerging as superior.

Keywords:

Classification hemorrhagic shock management

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Fixed Volume or Fixed Pressure: A Murine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock

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Developing a Clinically Relevant Hemorrhagic Shock Model in Rats

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Standardized Hemorrhagic Shock Induction Guided by Cerebral Oximetry and Extended Hemodynamic Monitoring in Pigs

Standardized Hemorrhagic Shock Induction Guided by Cerebral Oximetry and Extended Hemodynamic Monitoring in Pigs

Published on: May 21, 2019

Fixed Volume or Fixed Pressure: A Murine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock

Fixed Volume or Fixed Pressure: A Murine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock

Published on: June 6, 2011

Developing a Clinically Relevant Hemorrhagic Shock Model in Rats

Developing a Clinically Relevant Hemorrhagic Shock Model in Rats

Published on: March 22, 2024

Current ATLS(®) guidelines for hemorrhagic shock are deemed unhelpful and potentially misleading.

Conclusions:

Hemorrhagic shock management requires reclassification based on intervention utility and timing.
Assessment and treatment strategies must be physiologically tailored for optimal efficacy and safety.