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Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory

Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus: Comparing...
Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
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Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about the way you...
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The placebo effect occurs when people's expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation. In other words, simply expecting something to happen can actually make it happen.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Does explicit expectation really affect preparation?

Valentin J Umbach1, Sabine Schwager, Peter A Frensch

  • 1Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin, Germany.

Frontiers in Psychology
|December 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Explicit expectations guide action preparation, even when task demands conflict. This research demonstrates that expectations actively influence preparatory processes, rather than merely reflecting them.

Keywords:
action controlanticipationexplicit expectationpreparationtask goals

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
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Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Behavior

Background:

  • Expectations aid in preparing for future events and improving performance.
  • Distinguishing between explicit expectations and preparation is crucial for understanding their causal roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally separate the influence of preparation demands from explicit expectations.
  • To investigate whether explicit expectations causally influence preparatory processes.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments used a three-choice reaction time task with varying stimulus frequencies (60%, 30%, 10%).
  • Explicit expectations were measured via predictions or visual cues.
  • Selective response deadlines were introduced to create conflicts between preparation and expectation.

Main Results:

  • Participants' response times and predictions adapted to stimulus frequencies.
  • When preparation demands conflicted with explicit expectations, participants responded faster to expected stimuli, even when discouraged.
  • Explicit expectations did not solely reflect the preparation state.

Conclusions:

  • Explicit expectations actively contribute to preparatory processes.
  • Expectations are not merely by-products of preparation but play a causal role in guiding actions.