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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
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Related Experiment Video

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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

Lawrence Bragg, microdiffraction and X-ray lasers.

J C H Spence1

  • 1Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85282, USA. spence@asu.edu

Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of Crystallography
|December 20, 2012
PubMed
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Bragg

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography and Materials Science
  • X-ray and Electron Diffraction Techniques
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Historical development of Bragg's law and its experimental basis using polychromatic radiation.
  • Early applications in mineral, metal, and protein structure determination without computational aid.
  • Evolution of X-ray and electron microdiffraction methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To trace the historical trajectory of Bragg's law and its experimental underpinnings.
  • To review the evolution of microdiffraction techniques, including electron microdiffraction.
  • To highlight recent advancements in femtosecond X-ray diffraction for time-resolved studies.

Main Methods:

  • Historical analysis of early X-ray diffraction experiments and structural solution methods.
  • Review of X-ray and electron microdiffraction techniques, including probe size limitations.
  • Description of femtosecond X-ray laser diffraction from protein nanocrystals.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of Bragg's law's initial application with unknown X-ray wavelengths and cell constants.
  • Observation of Bragg's law 'failure' in electron microdiffraction with sub-unit cell probe sizes.
  • Advancement in time-resolved X-ray diffraction by overcoming dose-resolution-crystal size limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Bragg's law has a rich history of experimental adaptation and application.
  • Microdiffraction techniques have advanced significantly, enabling new structural insights.
  • Femtosecond X-ray diffraction offers a path to damage-free, time-resolved structural studies of biological samples.