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Panic Disorder

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for at least six months, significantly interfering with daily functioning. Unlike situational anxiety, which arises in response to specific stressors, GAD often occurs without a clear cause. Individuals may experience disproportionate worry about work, health, or relationships. For instance, a person might continuously fear poor health despite normal medical evaluations or...

Anxiety: Overview

Anxiety: Overview

Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Social Anxiety Disorder

Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is characterized by an intense fear of social situations where one might face humiliation, rejection, embarrassment, or negative evaluation. This disorder leads individuals to avoid activities like casual conversations, public speaking, or seemingly simple tasks such as eating, signing documents, or swimming, in public settings. Its impact extends beyond discomfort, often significantly interfering with daily functioning and quality of life.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

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Orbito-frontal cortex volumes in panic disorder.

Murad Atmaca¹, Hanefi Yildirim, M Gurkan Gurok

¹Department of Psychiatry, Firat University School of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey.

Psychiatry Investigation

|December 20, 2012

Summary

Patients with panic disorder exhibit smaller orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) volumes compared to healthy individuals. This neuroanatomical difference in the OFC suggests its involvement in the pathophysiology of panic disorder.

Keywords:

MRI OFC Panic disorder Volume

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychiatry
Radiology

Background:

Panic disorder is associated with prefrontal cortex dysfunction.
Understanding the neuroanatomy of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is crucial for panic disorder research.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate in vivo neuroanatomy of the OFC in panic disorder patients.
To compare OFC volumes between patients with panic disorder and healthy controls using volumetric MRI.

Main Methods:

Volumetric MRI (T1-weighted coronal images, 1.5 mm slices, 1.5T) was used to measure brain volumes.
Twenty patients with panic disorder and 20 healthy controls were included.
OFC volumes, whole brain, and white/gray matter volumes were assessed.

Main Results:

No significant differences in whole brain, total white matter, or gray matter volumes were observed.
Patients with panic disorder showed significantly smaller left and right OFC volumes compared to healthy controls (p<0.0001).

Conclusions:

Findings suggest alterations in OFC morphology in panic disorder.
OFC abnormalities may play a role in the pathophysiology of panic disorder.