Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Inhibition of mitochondrial ROS by TACI sustains bone marrow plasma cells.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Reduced T cell epitope cross-conservation and immunogenic potential is associated with emergence of a dominant influenza subclade K in 2025.

Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics·2026
Same author

HLA Class II Alleles DRB1*11:01 and DQB1*03:01 Unmask Immunogenetic Susceptibility to Anti-Nivolumab Antibodies in Combination with Ipilimumab.

The AAPS journal·2026
Same author

STING agonists reduce genital chlamydial infection and attenuate inflammation and pathology.

Infection and immunity·2026
Same author

Immunogenicity risk assessment of peptide-related impurities identified in generic teriparatide products.

Frontiers in immunology·2025
Same author

Establishment of Immune Biobank for Vaccine Immunogenicity Prediction Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods Against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus.

Vaccines·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
13:41

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Published on: March 8, 2012

A dominant EV71-specific CD4+ T cell epitope is highly conserved among human enteroviruses.

Ruicheng Wei1, Chunfu Yang, Mei Zeng

  • 1Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.

Plos One
|December 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary

CD4+ T cell immunity is key in viral infections. This study identified dominant T cell epitopes in enterovirus 71 (EV71), revealing cross-reactivity with poliovirus, suggesting prior immunity may affect EV71 responses.

More Related Videos

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay
07:10

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Published on: September 14, 2014

Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope
08:09

Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope

Published on: March 24, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
13:41

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Published on: March 8, 2012

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay
07:10

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

Published on: September 14, 2014

Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope
08:09

Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope

Published on: March 24, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • CD4+ T cell immunity is crucial for viral infection outcomes.
  • The specific role of CD4+ T cells in enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection, the cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify CD4+ T cell epitopes within the EV71 polyprotein.
  • To investigate the cross-reactivity of these epitopes with other enteroviruses.

Main Methods:

  • Computational epitope prediction to identify promiscuous CD4+ T cell epitopes in the EV71 polyprotein.
  • Analysis of epitope conservation across enterovirus species.
  • Experimental validation of T cell cross-reactivity.

Main Results:

  • Fifteen CD4+ T cell epitopes were identified in the EV71 polyprotein, with three being dominant.
  • The most dominant epitope showed high conservation among various enteroviruses, including coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and polioviruses.
  • CD4+ T cells specific to this dominant epitope cross-reacted with a poliovirus homolog.

Conclusions:

  • Prior CD4+ T cell exposure to poliovirus or other enteroviruses may influence the immune response to EV71 infection or vaccination.
  • Understanding T cell epitope cross-reactivity is essential for predicting and potentially modulating immune responses to EV71.