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Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

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Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Analysis of ¹⁸FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Published on: September 5, 2017

Complicated urinary infection and extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

Marcelo Rodrigues Bacci¹, José Jorge Namura, Andrea Thaumaturgo Lera

¹Department of General Practice, Faculdade De Medicina Do Abc, Santo Andre, Sao Paulo, Brazil. mrbacci@yahoo.com

BMJ Case Reports

|December 22, 2012

Summary

Genitourinary tuberculosis, often diagnosed late due to vague symptoms, can lead to severe kidney damage. Early detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in urine is crucial for timely treatment and preventing complications like chronic pyelonephritis.

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Area of Science:

Nephrology
Infectious Diseases
Microbiology

Background:

Genitourinary tuberculosis (GUTB) accounts for over 40% of extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases in developed nations.
Diagnosis of GUTB is frequently delayed due to non-specific symptoms and challenges in isolating Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Delayed diagnosis can result in significant renal morbidity, including kidney damage and functional exclusion.

Observation:

A case study of a 47-year-old woman with recurrent urinary infections and sterile pyuria is presented.
The patient experienced a four-year diagnostic delay, leading to the functional exclusion of her right kidney.
Chronic pyelonephritis was identified as the cause of the kidney's functional exclusion.

Findings:

Microscopic examination of urine revealed acid-fast bacilli.
Urine culture confirmed the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
These findings definitively diagnosed genitourinary tuberculosis in the patient.

Implications:

This case highlights the importance of considering genitourinary tuberculosis in patients with persistent, unexplained urinary symptoms, even with sterile pyuria.
Improved diagnostic strategies are needed to facilitate earlier detection of GUTB.
Timely diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent severe renal complications and preserve kidney function.