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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
Lumber Defects01:23

Lumber Defects

Lumber defects, which can affect both the appearance and structural integrity of wood, include a variety of growth and manufacturing flaws. Growth defects such as knots and knotholes occur where branches were once attached to the tree trunk, with knotholes forming when these knots fall out. Other natural defects include decay and insect damage, which compromise the wood's strength and durability.
Shakes are minor fractures that run along or across the wood's annual rings, while wane is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

Planum, tubercular, sellar and clival defects.

Calvin C Wei1, James N Palmer

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
|December 22, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Transsphenoidal surgery offers improved access to skull base tumors. Advanced reconstruction techniques, including vascularized flaps, significantly reduce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak rates, enhancing patient outcomes.

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Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
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Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
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Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans

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Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Published on: September 8, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Skull Base Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Transsphenoidal and extended transsphenoidal approaches enhance surgical access to skull base tumors.
  • Reconstruction of skull base defects has evolved from grafts to combined graft and flap techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution and current techniques in skull base defect reconstruction following transsphenoidal surgery.
  • To highlight methods for managing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and identify high-risk patient groups.

Main Methods:

  • Review of surgical techniques for skull base reconstruction.
  • Analysis of methods for managing intraoperative CSF leaks.
  • Discussion of tissue flap options for defect repair.

Main Results:

  • Sellar floor reconstruction is indicated for specific intraoperative complications like CSF leaks.
  • Modern reconstruction techniques, including vascularized flaps, have decreased postoperative CSF leak rates to under 5%.
  • Refined techniques aim to improve management for high-risk patients.

Conclusions:

  • Skull base reconstruction techniques have advanced significantly, improving outcomes after transsphenoidal surgery.
  • Vascularized flaps play a crucial role in reducing CSF leak rates.
  • Further advancements are needed for optimal management of high-risk patients, including those with prior radiation or revision cases.