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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
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Updated: May 15, 2026

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
06:07

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Published on: October 22, 2020

Smoking as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis.

Jonatan Salzer1, Göran Hallmans, Maria Nyström

  • 1Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Neurology at Umeå University, Sweden. jonatan.salzer@neuro.umu.se

Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)
|December 22, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Smoking, measured by cotinine levels, significantly increases multiple sclerosis risk, especially in young adults. This study used pre-diagnosis blood samples to confirm smoking as a key risk factor for this neurological disease.

Keywords:
Multiple sclerosiscase control studyrisk factors in epidemiologysmoking

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10:47

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Published on: February 21, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Smoking is a known risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • Previous studies lacked objective measures of smoking exposure using prospectively collected samples.
  • Nicotine metabolite cotinine levels offer a reliable biomarker for tobacco use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the association between objectively measured tobacco use and multiple sclerosis (MS) risk.
  • To utilize prospectively collected biobank blood samples for accurate exposure assessment.
  • To investigate the role of cotinine levels in predicting MS development.

Main Methods:

  • Quantified cotinine levels in 192 MS cases and 384 matched controls using immunoassay.
  • Employed matched logistic regression to estimate MS risk.
  • Analyzed blood samples collected prior to disease diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • Elevated cotinine levels (≥10 ng/ml) correlated with a 1.5-fold increased MS risk (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.1).
  • This association was particularly strong in younger individuals (under 26.4 years), with a 2.2-fold increased risk (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3-3.8).
  • Findings suggest early-life immunological events related to smoking contribute to MS.

Conclusions:

  • Confirms smoking as a significant risk factor for multiple sclerosis.
  • Utilizes cotinine analysis in pre-diagnostic samples to mitigate recall bias and reverse causation.
  • Highlights the critical role of early-life smoking exposure in MS pathogenesis.