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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Olfactory dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: evidence of a decrease in different aspects of olfactory function.

A Rolet1, E Magnin, J L Millot

  • 1Service de Neurologie, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France.

European Neurology
|December 22, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) significantly impacts olfactory function, with odor detection being the most affected sense. Cognitive aspects like odor identification also decline with increased disability.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory Research

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is increasingly recognized in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • Previous research highlights altered smell perception in MS patients.
  • Understanding specific deficits is crucial for patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To pinpoint which aspects of olfactory perception are most impaired in MS.
  • To investigate correlations between olfactory deficits and clinical, anatomical, and functional MS data.

Main Methods:

  • Study included 50 patients with remitting or secondary progressive MS.
  • Collected clinical data: medical history, disease characteristics, depression/disability scores, and brain lesion load.
  • Utilized the Sniffin Sticks® test to assess olfactory function.

Main Results:

  • Odor detection threshold (hyposmia) was the most sensitive marker, affecting 40% of patients.
  • Odor identification ability was impaired later in the disease course.
  • Impaired odor identification showed an inverse correlation with disability levels.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple facets of olfactory function are altered in MS patients.
  • Olfactory deficits, particularly in odor discrimination and identification, are linked to cognitive demands.
  • These findings underscore the impact of MS on sensory and cognitive processing.