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Updated: May 15, 2026
In Vitro Cellular Activity Evaluation of the Nanoemulsion Vaccine Adjuvant Ophiopogonin D
Published on: December 9, 2022
Adjuvant effect of microencapsulated NOD ligands studied in a human phagocytic cell line
Simi Mathew1, Toralf Roch, Marco Frentsch
1Center for Biomaterial Development, Institute of Polymer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany.
Background:
Modern subunit vaccines, which are of high purity compared with traditional vaccines, are often incapable of inducing strong immune responses as necessary to build an immunological memory. The desired level of immune response can be achieved only by codelivering immune-modulating agents along with the antigenic epitopes present in these high-purity formulations. This study aimed to explore the adjuvant effect of nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD) receptor agonists as immunomodulators encapsulated in polymeric microparticles as carriers.
Methods:
Microparticles (MP) prepared from poly[(rac-lactide)-co-glycolide] (PLGA) (Mn = 5 kDa, PD = 3.2) by the water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion/solvent evaporation technique were characterized in terms of size, surface morphology, payload and endotoxin content. As NOD agonists, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP; NOD 2) and γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP; NOD 1) were encapsulated. The immunomodulatory potential of these ligand-loaded MP was evaluated with a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1X Blue-CD14 cells).
Results:
The MP prepared had a phagocytosable size (<10 µm) with a unimodal size distribution and low endotoxin content (<0.5 EU/mL). A dose-dependent cell activation could be established for MDP-loaded microparticles.
Conclusions:
MP with suitable characteristics for phagocytosis can be prepared and loaded with NOD agonists. The capability of these ligand-loaded microparticles to activate monocytes suggests their broader exploration as vaccine carriers.
