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Related Concept Videos

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis
06:09

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

Published on: July 18, 2017

[Prognostic factors in emphysematous pyelonephritis].

D Olvera-Posada1, A García-Mora, C Culebro-García

  • 1Departamento de Urología e Imagenología (CCG), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México. danielolveraposada@gmail.com

Actas Urologicas Espanolas
|December 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is rare but serious. This study found that conservative management can be safe for selected patients with EPN, with no difference in mortality compared to invasive treatments.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis
06:09

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

Published on: July 18, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Radiology

Context:

  • Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a severe necrotizing infection of the kidney.
  • It often presents in patients with diabetes and comorbidities, frequently leading to sepsis.

Purpose:

  • To analyze the clinical characteristics, treatment strategies, and outcomes of 18 Emphysematous pyelonephritis cases.
  • To identify prognostic factors for mortality in EPN patients.

Summary:

  • A retrospective analysis of 18 EPN patients revealed common comorbidities like diabetes and hypertension.
  • Clinical presentations included severe sepsis and acute kidney injury.
  • Treatment strategies ranged from conservative management to nephrectomy, with mortality at 11%.

Impact:

  • Identifies altered consciousness, multiple organ failure, hyperglycemia, and elevated leukocyte count as poor prognostic indicators for EPN.
  • Suggests that judicious use of invasive management and conservative strategies in selected cases can be effective.
  • Highlights the importance of suspecting EPN in patients with comorbidities presenting with severe sepsis.