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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications
08:30

Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications

Published on: April 30, 2014

Elbow lateral collateral ligament injuries.

Lee M Reichel1, Graham S Milam, Sean E Sitton

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. leereichel@gmail.com

The Journal of Hand Surgery
|December 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Injuries to the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) of the elbow can cause instability. Reconstruction using tendon grafts offers good outcomes for treating recurrent elbow instability.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications
08:30

Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications

Published on: April 30, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) complex is vital for elbow joint stability.
  • LCL injuries, often from dislocation or iatrogenic causes, can lead to significant elbow instability.
  • Recurrent instability due to LCL pathology is uncommon but debilitating.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnosis and treatment of lateral collateral ligament injuries causing elbow instability.
  • To discuss the role of imaging and surgical reconstruction in managing LCL pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on elbow biomechanics, LCL anatomy, and clinical outcomes.
  • Analysis of diagnostic methods including physical examination and stress radiography.
  • Evaluation of surgical techniques for lateral ligament reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • Elbow instability results from LCL injury, characterized by external rotation of the radius and ulna.
  • Diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion, history, physical exam, and stress radiographs.
  • Tendon graft reconstruction from humerus to ulna is the primary treatment for late instability.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of LCL injuries is crucial for managing elbow instability.
  • Lateral ligament reconstruction provides a viable treatment option for recurrent elbow instability.
  • Further research may clarify LCL anatomy and optimize treatment strategies.