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Related Concept Videos

iChip01:24

iChip

The cultivation of environmental microorganisms has long been hindered by the inability to replicate complex native conditions in vitro. The isolation chip (iChip) addresses this limitation by facilitating the growth of previously uncultivable microorganisms through in situ incubation. Designed for high-throughput microbial cultivation, the iChip comprises hundreds of microchambers, each capable of housing a single microbial cell. These microchambers are loaded with a mixture of molten agar and...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance01:39

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

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Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...
Fungal Phylum Microsporidia01:28

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Dechorionation of Medaka Embryos and Cell Transplantation for the Generation of Chimeras
09:03

Dechorionation of Medaka Embryos and Cell Transplantation for the Generation of Chimeras

Published on: December 22, 2010

We are all born as microchimera.

Miranda P Dierselhuis1, Els Goulmy

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. M.P.Dierselhuis@lumc.nl

Chimerism
|December 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Everyone is born with microchimerism, the presence of cells from another individual. This study reveals that non-maternal microchimeric cells and immune responses are detectable from birth, explaining widespread microchimerism.

Keywords:
HYminor histocompatibility antigennaturally acquired chimerismtransmaternal cell flowumbilical cord blood

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Pregnancy is known to establish microchimerism.
  • Transmaternal cell passage from elder siblings is a potential source of non-fetal microchimerism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence of non-maternal microchimerism in umbilical cord blood.
  • To identify immune responses against microchimeric cells in newborns.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of umbilical cord blood for microchimeric cells.
  • Detection of minor H antigen specific cellular immune responses.

Main Results:

  • Non-maternal microchimerism was identified in umbilical cord blood.
  • Immune responses against these microchimeric cells were detected from birth.
  • This explains the high incidence of microchimerism in healthy and diseased individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Individuals are not born immunologically naive.
  • Microchimerism, including cells from siblings, is a common phenomenon from birth.
  • Circulating microchimeric cells can elicit significant antigen-specific immune responses.