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An ammeter is a current measuring instrument. In the circuit, it is represented by the symbol A. The ammeter is placed in series with the device or component to measure the current. A series connection is used because objects in series have the same current passing through them. If a circuit has multiple resistors and the current needs to be measured in each resistor, the number of ammeters required depends on whether the circuit is in series or parallel.
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What else can an AWG do?

Gabriella Cincotti1

  • 1Department of Applied Electronics, University Roma Tre, via della Vasca Navale 84, I-00146 Rome, Italy. cincotti@uniroma3.it

Optics Express
|December 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) can now perform advanced optical signal processing, including discrete Fourier transforms, for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. This research expands AWG capabilities beyond wavelength division multiplexing.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Optical Engineering
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) are fundamental components in optical communication systems, primarily used for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).
  • Existing AWG designs are typically limited to multiplexing and demultiplexing functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore and present novel functionalities of AWG-based devices beyond traditional WDM applications.
  • To demonstrate the potential of AWGs in advanced optical signal processing for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems.
  • To introduce new architectures for phased array switches and polarization diversity demultiplexing.

Main Methods:

  • Designing AWG devices to perform discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and discrete fractional Fourier transform (DFrFT) optically.
  • Developing 1 × N and N × N phased array switch architectures.
  • Proposing a new configuration for polarization diversity demultiplexing.
  • Presenting a general approach for designing optical modulators (PM, EAM) based on finite impulse response (FIR) filter analogy.

Main Results:

  • AWG devices are shown to effectively perform DFT and DFrFT for optical OFDM signals.
  • Novel phased array switch architectures (1 × N, N × N) are described.
  • A new method for polarization diversity demultiplexing using AWG configurations is presented.
  • A generalized design approach for optical modulators supporting various modulation formats is established.

Conclusions:

  • AWG devices offer versatile functionalities extending beyond WDM, including complex optical signal processing like DFT and DFrFT.
  • The proposed architectures and design approaches enhance the capabilities of optical communication systems, particularly for OFDM.
  • This research broadens the application scope of AWG technology in advanced photonic systems.