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Related Concept Videos

Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory organs,...
Gap Junctions01:37

Gap Junctions

Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
Gap Junctions01:27

Gap Junctions

The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Determination of the Relative Cell Surface and Total Expression of Recombinant Ion Channels Using Flow Cytometry
11:32

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Published on: September 28, 2016

CaV1.2 signaling complexes in the heart.

Robert D Harvey1, Johannes W Hell

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA. rdharvey@unr.edu

Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
|December 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Cardiac L-type Ca(2+) channels (LTCCs) form signaling complexes with key proteins. This organization ensures precise regulation of heart function, particularly during sympathetic stimulation.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Molecular Cardiology
  • Cell Signaling

Background:

  • L-type Ca(2+) channels (LTCCs) are critical for cardiac electrical and mechanical activity.
  • LTCC regulation is central to sympathetic nervous system effects on the heart.
  • β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) stimulation, cAMP production, and protein kinase A (PKA) activation are key regulatory mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of signaling complexes involved in cardiac LTCC regulation.
  • To explore how protein interactions and localization influence LTCC function.
  • To explain the phenomenon of signaling "compartmentation" in LTCC regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cardiac LTCC signaling.

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  • Analysis of protein-protein interactions within LTCC signaling complexes.
  • Examination of functional evidence for protein targeting and compartmentation.

    • Main Results:

    • Cardiac LTCCs, specifically CaV1.2, assemble into supramolecular signaling complexes.
    • These complexes include β2AR, G proteins, adenylyl cyclases, phosphodiesterases, PKA, and phosphatases.
    • Scaffolding proteins like A kinase anchoring proteins and caveolin-3 mediate some interactions.
    • Targeting of signaling proteins to specific membrane domains is crucial for precise LTCC regulation.

    Conclusions:

    • Cardiac LTCCs are regulated by intricate signaling complexes, not just random diffusion.
    • Protein interactions and subcellular localization ensure fidelity in receptor-mediated LTCC modulation.
    • Signaling compartmentation explains how different receptors can have varied effects on LTCC activity.