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Related Concept Videos

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation01:24

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation

During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...
Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State01:18

Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State

The postabsorptive state usually starts about four hours after a meal and lasts until the next meal is eaten. During this time, the digestive system stops absorbing nutrients, and the body uses stored energy reserves to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
Initially, glycogen stored in the liver is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream, while glycogen in the muscles is broken down to supply glucose for energy directly within the muscle cells. As glycogen stores diminish,...
Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
Energy Balance01:19

Energy Balance

The human body gets energy from the three macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Energy is released when the chemical bonds in the organic compounds present in the food are broken down. The energy content of food is measured in kilocalories (kcal), defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. This value is determined by measuring the temperature change of the water surrounding a calorimeter after the complete...
Metabolic Rate01:25

Metabolic Rate

The human body is a powerhouse of energy, with every cell performing numerous functions that require energy. This energy production and consumption is measured by the metabolic rate, which quantifies the total heat generated by all the body's chemical reactions and mechanical work. This measurement helps to determine the rate of kilocalorie (kcal) consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities.
The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) measures the energy expended at rest.
Several factors influence the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice
08:06

Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice

Published on: November 27, 2019

Brain response to calorie restriction.

Salvatore Fusco1, Giovambattista Pani

  • 1Institute of General Pathology, Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Catholic University Medical School, Largo F. Vito 1, Basic Science Building, room 405, Rome, Italy.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|December 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Calorie restriction (CR) promotes longevity and delays aging by improving brain health and cognitive function. Understanding CR

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Calorie restriction (CR) is known to extend lifespan and delay aging in various organisms.
  • CR has demonstrated beneficial effects on cognitive function and prevention of neurodegenerative disorders.
  • The molecular mechanisms linking CR to brain health are increasingly being uncovered.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging molecular mechanisms of the brain's response to dietary restriction.
  • To explore the role of nutrient sensors and signaling pathways in CR-mediated brain benefits.
  • To discuss the implications for understanding and preventing age-related brain disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on calorie restriction and brain function.

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Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition
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Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

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Solid Plate-based Dietary Restriction in Caenorhabditis elegans
06:13

Solid Plate-based Dietary Restriction in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: May 28, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice
08:06

Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice

Published on: November 27, 2019

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition
11:45

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

Published on: November 14, 2013

Solid Plate-based Dietary Restriction in Caenorhabditis elegans
06:13

Solid Plate-based Dietary Restriction in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: May 28, 2011

  • Analysis of molecular pathways and signaling cascades involved in nutrient sensing.
  • Examination of neuroendocrine responses to dietary restriction.

    • Main Results:

    • Nutrient sensors and signaling pathways translate metabolic cues into cellular adaptations.
    • CR enhances cellular resistance to stress, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive performance.
    • CR activates hypothalamic circuitries, leading to organism-wide neuroendocrine responses.

    Conclusions:

    • Molecular mechanisms reveal CR's significant impact on brain health and cognitive maintenance.
    • Understanding these pathways offers insights into preventing age-related and metabolic brain diseases.
    • The brain plays a crucial role in mediating CR's systemic benefits.