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Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation
08:43

Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation

Published on: May 31, 2016

Regulatory circuits controlling vascular cell calcification.

Tamer Sallam1, Henry Cheng, Linda L Demer

  • 1Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Center for the Health Sciences, A2-237, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1679, USA.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|December 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vascular calcification, common in aging and disease, involves calcium deposits in blood vessels and heart valves. Understanding its regulation is key to managing associated health risks and improving patient outcomes.

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Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Calcification Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models
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Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Calcification Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models

Published on: January 27, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Science
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Vascular calcification is prevalent in chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and aging.
  • It involves abnormal calcium deposition in blood vessels and cardiac valves, predicting increased morbidity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms governing the development, progression, and regression of vascular calcification.
  • To focus on the regulatory circuits that modulate vascular cell calcification.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on vascular calcification mechanisms.
  • Analysis of interconnected factors influencing calcification, including lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and mineral/hormonal balances.

Main Results:

  • Vascular calcification is influenced by a complex interplay of metabolic, oxidative, inflammatory, and hormonal factors.
  • The formation of osteoblast-like cells in the artery wall contributes to calcification.
  • A balance between procalcific and anticalcific regulators determines the severity of vascular calcification.

Conclusions:

  • Vascular calcification is an active pathological process with significant health implications.
  • Further research into regulatory circuits is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies to manage vascular calcification.