Practice guidelines for prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in obstetric sonography

Ergonomics and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders in obstetric sonography is a subject seldom discussed. However, 80% of sonographers describe pain when performing these examinations. The consequences of these disorders can range from impaired quality of life to the complete cessation of professional activity. Some diseases may even require surgical treatments such as carpal tunnel syndrome and shoulder rotator cuff injuries. After joint disorders mainly affecting the upper limbs and neck, deterioration of visual acuity is the second most commonly reported condition. A literature review can identify risk factors, particularly arm abduction greater than 30°, repeated isometric maneuvers without compensatory rest, the level of force applied to the probe, abdominal scanning approaches, examination times longer than 25 minutes, and more than 100 sonographic examinations per month. The ergonomics of the operator's workstation and posture are essential to prevent these disorders. Machine, probe, chair, and examination bed designs are already subject to industrial consensus, but sonographers are responsible for configuring their ideal workstations to preserve their professional and physical potential. Therefore, this article proposes rules of good practice and illustrates recommended positions and those to avoid.