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Related Concept Videos

Types of Reversible Electrodes01:24

Types of Reversible Electrodes

For electrode reversibility to be maintained, all the reactants and products involved in the half-reaction must be present at the electrode. There are several types of reversible electrodes (half-cells).In metal-metal-ion electrodes, a metal balances electrochemically with a solution of its own ions. Examples are Cu2+|Cu and Zn2+|Zn. Metals that react with the solvent, like group 1 and most group 2 metals, which react with water, and zinc, which reacts with aqueous acidic solutions, cannot be...
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The electrode interacts with ions in the electrolyte solution at its interface. The rate of oxidation and reduction depends on the speed at which electrons can transfer through this interface. As ions attach to or leave the electrode surface, the electrode acquires a charge, and an electrical potential forms across the interface, making the process more difficult to reach equilibrium. The charge on the electrode affects the local ion concentrations in the solution, though thermal motion...
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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...

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Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance
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High stability, high activity Pt/ITO oxygen reduction electrocatalysts.

Ying Liu1, William E Mustain

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Drive, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|December 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Tin-doped indium oxide nanoparticles offer a highly stable, non-carbon support for platinum nanoparticles, significantly boosting oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and durability for fuel cell applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Carbon supports for platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) in oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) face stability limitations.
  • Tin (Sn) doping in indium oxide (In2O3) offers a promising alternative support material.
  • Indium oxide (In2O3) provides high stability at potentials relevant to ORR.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanoparticles as a stable support for Pt NPs.
  • To evaluate the activity and stability of Pt/ITO for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
  • To leverage the strong interaction between Sn and Pt for enhanced catalytic performance.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Sn-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanoparticles.
  • Preparation of Pt/ITO electrocatalysts.
  • Electrochemical characterization of Pt/ITO for ORR activity and stability using techniques like cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk electrode measurements.

Main Results:

  • Pt/ITO exhibited exceptionally high Pt mass activity (621 ± 31 mA/mg(Pt)), surpassing the 2015 DOE goal.
  • Enhanced ORR activity was attributed to the prevalence of Pt (111) facets.
  • Pt/ITO demonstrated remarkable stability, with no change in electrochemically active area and minimal potential shift over 1000 cycles under harsh conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Sn-doped indium oxide (ITO) nanoparticles serve as a highly stable and active non-carbon support for Pt NPs in ORR.
  • Pt/ITO significantly outperforms traditional Pt/C electrocatalysts in terms of both activity and durability.
  • The findings highlight the potential of ITO as a next-generation support material for fuel cell catalysts.