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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

Optimizing Magnetic Force Microscopy Resolution and Sensitivity to Visualize Nanoscale Magnetic Domains

Published on: July 20, 2022

Ultrasensitive magnetic field detection using a single artificial atom.

M Bal¹, C Deng, J-L Orgiazzi

¹Institute for Quantum Computing, Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.

Nature Communications

|December 29, 2012

Summary

Researchers developed an ultrasensitive magnetometer using a single artificial atom. This quantum system achieves high magnetic field detection sensitivity, comparable to existing technologies.

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Area of Science:

Quantum physics
Solid-state physics
Metrology

Background:

Magnetic field detection is crucial for science and technology.
Current high-sensitivity magnetometers include superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) and atomic systems.
There is a need for compact, ultrasensitive magnetic field detectors.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate an ultrasensitive magnetometer using a single artificial atom.
To achieve high sensitivity and spatial resolution in magnetic field detection.
To explore the potential of artificial quantum systems for sensing applications.

Main Methods:

Utilized a single superconducting two-level system as an artificial atom.
Operated the artificial atom magnetometer similarly to atomic and nitrogen-vacancy center-based systems.
Leveraged quantum coherence and strong coupling to magnetic fields for enhanced sensitivity.

Main Results:

Achieved a magnetic field sensitivity of 3.3 pT Hz(-1/2) at 10 MHz.
Demonstrated an ultrasensitive magnetometer with micron-scale dimensions.
The detector's sensitivity is competitive with SQUIDs and atomic magnetometers at similar spatial resolutions.

Conclusions:

Artificial quantum systems, specifically single artificial atoms, show significant potential for ultrasensitive magnetic field detection.
This technology offers a promising alternative for applications requiring high sensitivity and spatial resolution.
Feasible improvements could further enhance sensitivity by an order of magnitude.