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Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue

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Bone Remodeling and Repair

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Real-Time Imaging of CCL5-Induced Migration of Periosteal Skeletal Stem Cells in Mice

Real-Time Imaging of CCL5-Induced Migration of Periosteal Skeletal Stem Cells in Mice

Published on: September 16, 2020

Circulating bone morphogenetic protein levels and delayed fracture healing.

Laurens J van Baardewijk¹, Jacob van der Ende, Suzanne Lissenberg-Thunnissen

¹Department of Surgery-Traumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300, Leiden, The Netherlands.

International Orthopaedics

|December 29, 2012

Summary

Delayed bone fracture healing was not linked to lower circulating bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) levels. While BMP-9 levels varied, they did not definitively predict faster fracture union in patients.

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Assessment of Bone Fracture Healing Using Micro-Computed Tomography

Assessment of Bone Fracture Healing Using Micro-Computed Tomography

Published on: December 9, 2022

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Biochemistry
Regenerative Medicine

Background:

Delayed union affects 5-30% of bone fracture patients despite adequate treatment.
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are crucial for normal fracture healing.
Supplementation with BMP-2 or BMP-7 improves healing in some patients, suggesting potential deficiencies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if circulating levels of BMP-2, -4, -6, -7, and -9 differ between patients with normal and delayed fracture healing.
To explore the potential role of circulating BMPs in fracture healing outcomes.

Main Methods:

Blood samples were collected from 65 patients with diaphyseal tibia or femur fractures.
Patients were categorized into normal healing (within 9 months) and delayed union groups.
Plasma BMP concentrations were quantified using ELISAs and compared between groups.

Main Results:

No statistically significant differences in circulating BMP-2, -4, -6, or -7 levels were found between normal and delayed healing groups.
Median BMP-9 plasma levels were also not significantly different.
However, the range of BMP-9 levels was wider in the normal healing group (72-2496 pg/ml) compared to the delayed union group (120-816 pg/ml).

Conclusions:

Circulating BMP concentrations generally do not differ significantly between patients with normal and delayed fracture healing.
Higher circulating BMP-9 levels may be associated with faster fracture healing, but are not a decisive factor.