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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron (Oxy)Hydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

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Arsenic release from deep natural solid matrices under experimentally controlled redox conditions.

A Molinari¹, L Guadagnini, M Marcaccio

¹Politecnico di Milano, DIIAR, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. ant.molinari2002@libero.it

The Science of the Total Environment

|January 1, 2013

Summary

Iron (Fe) and redox changes significantly impact arsenic (As) release from soil, particularly in vegetal matter. These findings explain critical arsenic levels in Emilia-Romagna aquifers.

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Published on: June 9, 2023

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Geochemistry
Hydrogeology

Background:

Arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater is a global environmental concern.
Aquifer systems can act as reservoirs for naturally occurring arsenic.
Iron (Fe) cycling is known to influence arsenic mobility in soils and sediments.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of iron (Fe) in arsenic (As) release from different soil matrices under varying redox conditions.
To correlate arsenic mobilization with iron release and redox potential in natural soil samples.
To explain the high arsenic concentrations observed in Emilia-Romagna aquifers.

Main Methods:

Batch experiments were conducted on two distinct soil samples (sand and vegetal matter) from an Italian aquifer.
Alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions were applied, mimicking field redox and pH variations.
Arsenic and iron concentrations were measured in relation to oxidation-reduction potential.

Main Results:

Arsenic mobilization was strongly correlated with abrupt changes in redox conditions for both soil types.
Vegetal matter exhibited high arsenic binding capacity and significant arsenic release.
Arsenic release was directly linked to the release of iron from the soil matrices.

Conclusions:

The study confirms that fluctuating redox conditions are a primary driver of arsenic release from soils.
High natural arsenic content in vegetal matter, combined with redox oscillations, likely contributes to critical arsenic levels in Emilia-Romagna aquifers.
Iron mobilization plays a crucial role in the release mechanism of arsenic from these soil environments.