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Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

Seizures l: Introduction

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...

Epilepsy ll: Types

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...

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Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

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Seizures in systemic sclerosis.

Fernando Glasner Araújo¹, Tiago Nardi Amaral, Simone Appenzeller

¹Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, School of Medicine Salvador, Federal University of Bahia, Rua das Violetas, 42, ap. 502, Salvador, Bahia 41810-080, Brazil.

Rheumatology International

|January 1, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Seizures occur in 8.8% of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients, more frequently in older individuals with higher disease activity. This study highlights seizures as a potential neurological complication in SSc.

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Published on: July 8, 2025

Area of Science:

Neurology
Rheumatology
Clinical Medicine

Background:

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune disease with diverse clinical manifestations.
Neurological complications in SSc are not fully understood, impacting patient quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the frequency of seizures in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).
To identify clinical and laboratory features associated with seizure occurrence in SSc patients.

Main Methods:

Analysis of 34 SSc patients (ACR criteria) using standard interviews, physical examinations, and medical chart reviews.
Evaluation of potential risk factors, clinical manifestations, comorbidities, and treatments related to seizures.

Main Results:

Seizures were identified in 3 (8.8%) SSc patients.
Patients with seizures were significantly older (median age 61 vs. 48 years) and had higher disease activity scores (4.75 vs. 2.5).
No other clinical or laboratory features were significantly associated with seizures in this cohort.

Conclusions:

Systemic sclerosis is associated with a higher prevalence of seizures compared to the general population.
Older age and higher disease activity are key factors associated with seizures in SSc patients.
Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and management of seizures in SSc.