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Related Concept Videos

DNA Bacteriophages01:26

DNA Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the lytic replication...
Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a virus that...
Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages

In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects its...

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Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins
09:40

Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins

Published on: June 11, 2015

Mobile effector proteins on phage genomes.

E Fidelma Boyd1, Megan R Carpenter, Nityananda Chowdhury

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences; University of Delaware; Newark, DE USA.

Bacteriophage
|January 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacteriophages carry novel effector toxins that enhance bacterial virulence. These phage-encoded toxins are delivered into host cells via type three secretion systems (T3SSs), impacting bacterial pathogenesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, harbor genes for various virulence factors.
  • Recent research identified a new class of virulence factors: effector proteins encoded by phages.
  • These effector proteins are found in pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of phage-encoded effector proteins.
  • To examine the roles of these effector proteins in bacterial pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on bacteriophage genomes and virulence factors.
  • Analysis of studies identifying and characterizing effector proteins.
  • Examination of the mechanisms of effector protein translocation via type three secretion systems (T3SSs).

Main Results:

  • Bacteriophage genomes encode diverse effector proteins with multiple functional domains.
  • These effector proteins are translocated into eukaryotic host cells.
  • Effector proteins contribute significantly to bacterial pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Phage-encoded effector proteins represent a significant class of bacterial virulence factors.
  • Understanding these proteins is crucial for comprehending bacterial pathogenesis and developing novel therapeutic strategies.