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Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

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Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role of...
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Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm
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Published on: May 15, 2019

Nine-year-old children use norm-based coding to visually represent facial expression.

Nichola Burton1, Linda Jeffery, Andrew L Skinner

  • 1ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance
|January 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Children, like adults, use a norm-based system for facial expression coding. This study found that children

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psychology
  • Cognitive neuroscience
  • Visual perception

Background:

  • Children's facial expression judgment skills lag behind adults.
  • Adults utilize a multidimensional face-space for norm-based expression coding.
  • Norm-based coding is efficient and enhances sensitivity to facial expressions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the facial expression coding system used by children.
  • To determine if children employ norm-based or exemplar-based coding.
  • To compare children's coding mechanisms with those of adults.

Main Methods:

  • Employed an adaptation aftereffect paradigm.
  • Tested 18 children (aged 9 years 2 months to 9 years 11 months) and 24 adults.
  • Participants adapted to weak and strong anti-expressions before judging an average expression.

Main Results:

  • Both children and adults exhibited larger aftereffects for strong compared to weak adaptors.
  • Results were consistent with norm-based coding predictions for both age groups.
  • No evidence supported exemplar-based coding in either children or adults.

Conclusions:

  • Children's representation of facial expressions is norm-based, similar to adults.
  • This suggests that the underlying coding mechanisms are established by age 9.
  • Norm-based coding may contribute to adult-like sensitivity in facial expression perception.