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Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

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Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

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Published on: September 23, 2018

Graphene: powder, flakes, ribbons, and sheets.

Dustin K James, James M Tour

Accounts of Chemical Research

|January 2, 2013

Summary

Researchers explored various graphene forms, including graphene oxide and nanoribbons, for diverse applications. Their work synthesized and utilized different graphene structures, optimizing properties for advanced materials and devices.

Area of Science:

Materials Science and Engineering
Nanotechnology
Chemistry

Background:

Graphene, a "super carbon" material, possesses exceptional physical and electrical properties.
Research encompasses diverse graphene forms: powders, flakes, ribbons, and sheets, with varying layer counts (single, double, or ≤10 layers).
The properties and applications of graphene are contingent upon its physical form and layer number.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the synthesis and application of various physical and layered forms of graphene.
To functionalize graphitic materials for improved solubility and composite dispersion.
To explore the impact of workup protocols on graphene oxide's electronic structure and functionality.

Main Methods:

Extended diazonium chemistry to functionalize commercially available graphite into soluble graphitic materials.

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Developed improved synthesis for graphene oxide (GO) and methods for layer-by-layer removal.

Synthesized graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) using oxidative and reductive methods from multiwalled carbon nanotubes.

Grew monolayer and bilayer graphene directly on metal catalysts from various solid carbon sources, including nitrogen-doped graphene.

Main Results:

Produced soluble graphitic materials with enhanced dispersion in composites.
Demonstrated that GO workup protocols alter electronic structure and chemical functionality.
Developed methods for producing defect-rich and less defective, more conductive GNRs.
Successfully grew graphene, including nitrogen-doped variants, directly on substrates, enabling patterned graphene structures.

Conclusions:

Graphene oxide powders and sheets show potential as fluid loss additives in drilling fluids.
Graphene nanoribbons are suitable for low-loss composites, conductive coatings, and transparent electrodes.
Direct growth methods reduce defects and costs associated with graphene transfer, enabling applications in touch screens and photovoltaic devices.
Patterned graphene and superlattices offer potential for advanced sensor applications.