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Related Concept Videos

Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Cellular Injury II: Classification01:21

Cellular Injury II: Classification

Cellular injury is any process that disrupts a cell’s ability to maintain homeostasis, leading to structural or functional changes. It is broadly classified based on etiology (cause) and mechanism of damage.Classification by EtiologyCellular injury may result from several causes. Hypoxic injury happens due to reduced oxygen delivery, most commonly from inadequate blood supply, such as arterial obstruction; for example, coronary artery thrombosis can cause myocardial infarction. Chemical injury...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...
Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
04:19

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device

Published on: November 8, 2024

New clinical classification system for atlantoaxial dislocation.

JunJie Xu1, QingShui Yin, Hong Xia

  • 1Department of Orthopedics, Liuhuaqiao Hospital, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China.

Orthopedics
|January 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new clinical classification for atlantoaxial dislocation (AA D) categorizes cases into reducible (RAAD), irreducible (IAAD), and fixed (FAAD) types. This system guides treatment decisions, with surgical interventions showing improved neurological symptoms and bony union in 107 patients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
04:19

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device

Published on: November 8, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Neurosurgery
  • Spine Surgery

Background:

  • Atlantoaxial dislocation (AA D) presents a complex challenge in spinal surgery.
  • Existing classifications may not fully capture the nuances of reduction difficulty and clinical presentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel clinical classification for atlantoaxial dislocation.
  • To categorize AA D into reducible (RAAD), irreducible (IAAD), and fixed (FAAD) subtypes based on clinical manifestations.
  • To correlate this classification with therapeutic strategies and patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective analysis of 107 patients with atlantoaxial dislocation.
  • Classification of patients into RAAD (66), IAAD (39), and FAAD (2) groups.
  • Application of tailored surgical techniques including traction, screw fixation, posterior atlantoaxial/occipitocervical arthrodesis, transoral atlantoaxial reduction plate system, and anterior decompression.

Main Results:

  • All 107 patients demonstrated improved neurological symptoms postoperatively.
  • Successful bony union was achieved by the 3-month follow-up across all patient groups.
  • The proposed classification system effectively guided the selection of appropriate surgical interventions.
  • Minimal complications were reported, with one instance of donor-site infection.

Conclusions:

  • The new clinical classification of atlantoaxial dislocation (RAAD, IAAD, FAAD) provides a valuable framework for understanding disease severity and reduction challenges.
  • This classification aids in optimizing therapeutic decision-making for patients with atlantoaxial dislocation.
  • Surgical management utilizing techniques like transoral atlantoaxial reduction plate fixation and posterior atlantoaxial screw-rod fixation is effective in achieving positive patient outcomes.