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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials
Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation01:28

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
Resting Phase:
In this phase, the cell's membrane is at its resting potential, typically around -70 millivolts (mV) for neurons. Inside the cell, there is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) and a lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+). Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed, and...
Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase of...
Action Potentials01:41

Action Potentials

Overview
Action Potential01:14

Action Potential

Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
Membrane potential in neurons
Neurons typically have a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts (mV). When they receive...
Action Potential01:14

Action Potential

Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
Membrane potential in neurons
Neurons typically have a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts (mV). When they receive...

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Updated: May 15, 2026

Laser-Induced Action Potential-Like Measurements of Cardiomyocytes on Microelectrode Arrays for Increased Predictivity of Safety Pharmacology
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Laser-Induced Action Potential-Like Measurements of Cardiomyocytes on Microelectrode Arrays for Increased Predictivity of Safety Pharmacology

Published on: September 13, 2022

Early repolarization: innocent or dangerous?

Kohava Toledano1, Alexander P Rozin

  • 1B. Shine Department of Rheumatology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Technion, Haifa, Israel.

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
|January 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early repolarization syndrome (ERS) presents distinct ECG changes like ST elevation and carries an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Differentiating ERS from acute myocardial infarction and Brugada syndrome is crucial for patient management.

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Laser-Induced Action Potential-Like Measurements of Cardiomyocytes on Microelectrode Arrays for Increased Predictivity of Safety Pharmacology
10:41

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Published on: September 13, 2022

Confirmation of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Mice Using Surface Pad Electrocardiography
09:23

Confirmation of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Mice Using Surface Pad Electrocardiography

Published on: November 24, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Early repolarization syndrome (ERS) is characterized by specific electrocardiogram (ECG) findings, including wide QRS complexes and ST elevation in right precordial leads.
  • Historically viewed as a benign variant, recent evidence suggests ERS may be associated with an elevated risk of sudden cardiac death, particularly in young men.
  • Clinical presentation can include polyarthritis, palpitations, and a family history of syncope, necessitating a thorough diagnostic approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the characteristic ECG manifestations of early repolarization syndrome.
  • To review existing literature on the arrhythmogenic potential and clinical significance of ERS.
  • To highlight the importance of distinguishing ERS from other potentially life-threatening cardiac conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of electrocardiographic (ECG) features associated with early repolarization syndrome.
  • Literature search focusing on the arrhythmogenic potential and clinical outcomes of ERS.
  • Comparative analysis of ECG findings to differentiate ERS from acute myocardial infarction and Brugada syndrome.

Main Results:

  • Key ECG findings include widespread, concave ST-segment elevation (predominantly V2-V4), J-point notching, and prominent, large-amplitude T waves.
  • ERS is increasingly recognized as a potential marker for sudden cardiac death risk.
  • Distinguishing ERS from acute myocardial infarction and Brugada syndrome is critical due to differing prognoses and management strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Early repolarization syndrome exhibits distinct ECG patterns that warrant careful evaluation.
  • The syndrome's association with sudden cardiac death risk necessitates increased clinical awareness.
  • Physicians can utilize diagnostic tables to differentiate ERS from other ST-elevation syndromes, aiding in appropriate patient care.