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Related Concept Videos

Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved DNA...
Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data
08:35

Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data

Published on: June 24, 2021

Sumo paralogs: redundancy and divergencies.

Simona Citro1, Susanna Chiocca

  • 1Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology at the IFOM-IEO Campus, Milan, Italy.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Scholar Edition)
|January 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

SUMO1, SUMO2/3, and SUMO4 proteins have distinct cellular roles. SUMO enzymes and substrates contribute to specific SUMO paralog modification, enhancing understanding of their functions.

More Related Videos

Creating and Applying a Reference to Facilitate the Discussion and Classification of Proteins in a Diverse Group
07:49

Creating and Applying a Reference to Facilitate the Discussion and Classification of Proteins in a Diverse Group

Published on: August 16, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data
08:35

Identification of Alternative Splicing and Polyadenylation in RNA-seq Data

Published on: June 24, 2021

Creating and Applying a Reference to Facilitate the Discussion and Classification of Proteins in a Diverse Group
07:49

Creating and Applying a Reference to Facilitate the Discussion and Classification of Proteins in a Diverse Group

Published on: August 16, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • SUMOylation is a post-translational modification involving SUMO proteins.
  • SUMO1, SUMO2/3, and SUMO4 are paralogs that share a conjugation pathway but exhibit distinct cellular functions.
  • Emerging evidence suggests regulatory mechanisms enable SUMO paralog-specific modification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying SUMO paralog-specific modification.
  • To understand how SUMOylation contributes to distinct cellular pathways.
  • To explore the roles of SUMO enzymes and substrates in SUMO paralog discrimination.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating SUMOylation pathways.
  • Analyzing SUMO enzyme activity towards different SUMO paralogs.
  • Characterizing substrate-SUMO interactions.
  • Comparative analysis of SUMO1, SUMO2/3, and SUMO4 modification.

Main Results:

  • SUMO enzymes demonstrate specificity in conjugating and deconjugating SUMO paralogs.
  • Substrates possess features that dictate their preference for specific SUMO family members.
  • These specificities contribute to the differential roles of SUMO paralogs.

Conclusions:

  • SUMO paralog-specific modification is regulated at multiple levels, including enzyme and substrate interactions.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for deciphering the diverse functions of SUMO paralogs in cellular processes.