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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Generating iPS Cells from MEFS through Forced Expression of Sox-2, Oct-4, c-Myc, and Klf4
13:02

Generating iPS Cells from MEFS through Forced Expression of Sox-2, Oct-4, c-Myc, and Klf4

Published on: April 7, 2008

A blueprint for engineering cell fate: current technologies to reprogram cell identity.

Samantha A Morris1, George Q Daley

  • 1Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.

Cell Research
|January 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Scientists are reprogramming cells to generate specific cell types for treating diseases and advancing research. This review explores methods like induced pluripotent stem cells and direct conversion for therapeutic tissue repair and drug discovery.

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Assessing Cardiomyocyte Subtypes Following Transcription Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts
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Assessing Cardiomyocyte Subtypes Following Transcription Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

Published on: March 22, 2017

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
08:01

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Published on: August 29, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Generating iPS Cells from MEFS through Forced Expression of Sox-2, Oct-4, c-Myc, and Klf4
13:02

Generating iPS Cells from MEFS through Forced Expression of Sox-2, Oct-4, c-Myc, and Klf4

Published on: April 7, 2008

Assessing Cardiomyocyte Subtypes Following Transcription Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts
09:29

Assessing Cardiomyocyte Subtypes Following Transcription Factor-mediated Reprogramming of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

Published on: March 22, 2017

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
08:01

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Published on: August 29, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Many human diseases stem from cell deficiency or dysfunction.
  • Therapeutic tissue repair necessitates in vitro generation of specific cell types.
  • Generated cells aid disease modeling, toxicology, and drug discovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review strategies for manipulating cell identity for therapeutic and research applications.
  • To discuss induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation and direct cell conversion.
  • To explore partial reprogramming for lineage switching and cell fate engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on cell reprogramming and differentiation.
  • Discussion of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology.
  • Analysis of direct cellular conversion techniques.
  • Exploration of partial reprogramming for lineage switching.

Main Results:

  • Multiple strategies exist for generating specific cell types in vitro.
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells and direct conversion are key methods.
  • Partial reprogramming offers a novel approach to cell fate engineering.
  • Mechanisms of cell fate engineering are being elucidated.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular reprogramming holds significant promise for regenerative medicine and biomedical research.
  • Further research is needed to overcome current limitations in cell production and assessment.
  • Ensuring the medical relevance of engineered cell populations is critical for clinical translation.