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Maintenance of the ES Cell State

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...

Source And Potency Of Stem Cells

Source And Potency Of Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Transfection, Selection, and Colony-picking of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells TALEN-targeted with a GFP Gene into the AAVS1 Safe Harbor

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Pluripotent genes in avian stem cells.

Christian Jean¹, Pauline Aubel, Clément Soleihavoup

¹Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, INSERM U846, Bron, France.

Development, Growth & Differentiation

|January 3, 2013

Summary

Chicken embryonic stem cells (ES cells) share pluripotent markers like OCT4 and SOX2 with mammals. This review examines these key genes in chicken ES cells and early embryos.

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Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression

Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression

Published on: January 17, 2016

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Stem Cell Research
Comparative Genomics

Background:

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first isolated from mouse blastocysts in 1981.
Epiblast stem cells (EpiSC) were later identified, establishing the naïve and primed stem cell concepts.
Pluripotent markers like OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and KLF are crucial in mammalian stem cell research.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of pluripotent associated genes in chicken embryonic stem cells.
To compare pluripotent markers in chicken with those identified in mammalian cells.
To present published and original data on these genes in chicken ES cells and early embryos.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing studies on chicken and mammalian ES cells.
Analysis of gene expression data for pluripotent markers (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, KLF) in chicken.
Comparative analysis between chicken and mammalian pluripotent gene involvement.

Main Results:

Pluripotent associated genes (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, KLF) are present and potentially functional in chicken ES cells.
Evidence suggests conserved roles for these genes in pluripotency across species.
Data indicates similarities in gene involvement between chicken and mammalian pluripotent stem cells.

Conclusions:

Chicken ES cells exhibit characteristics of pluripotency, supported by the presence of key transcription factors.
The study highlights the conserved nature of pluripotency gene networks from mammals to birds.
Further research into chicken pluripotent stem cells can provide insights into early embryonic development and comparative stem cell biology.