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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
10:19

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

Thyroid frozen section: supplementary or unnecessary?

Tatjana Antic1, Jerome B Taxy

  • 1Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. tatjana.antic@uchospitals.edu

The American Journal of Surgical Pathology
|January 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Frozen section (FS) offers limited diagnostic value for preoperative thyroid cancer assessment compared to fine-needle aspiration (FNA). FS did not alter surgical procedures, suggesting a reduced role in managing thyroid masses.

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Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach
05:10

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

Published on: September 15, 2023

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
10:19

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach
05:10

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

Published on: September 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrine Surgery
  • Surgical Pathology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Preoperative diagnosis of thyroid masses is crucial for surgical planning.
  • Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and frozen section (FS) are common diagnostic tools.
  • Evaluating the complementary role of FS to FNA in thyroid cancer diagnosis is necessary.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the contribution of frozen section (FS) to preoperative fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in diagnosing thyroid cancer.
  • To determine if FS findings alter surgical management decisions for thyroid masses.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 704 thyroid cancer cases diagnosed between 2005 and 2011.
  • Analysis of diagnostic accuracy of FNA and FS for various thyroid carcinoma subtypes.
  • Comparison of FS-guided surgical procedures versus FNA-guided procedures.

Main Results:

  • FNA was diagnostic or suspicious in 39.9% of micropapillary and 75.8% of papillary thyroid carcinomas.
  • FS was diagnostic in 52.3% of micropapillary and 76.6% of papillary thyroid carcinomas.
  • FS diagnosis never changed the surgical procedure; neither FNA nor FS was definitive for follicular neoplasms.

Conclusions:

  • Frozen section has a limited role in the preoperative management of thyroid masses, especially when total thyroidectomy is considered for benign conditions.
  • FS may be more beneficial for identifying metastatic lymph nodes or parathyroids during surgery.
  • Histologic analysis remains definitive for diagnosing follicular carcinoma.