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Related Concept Videos

In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice
17:45

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice

Published on: February 26, 2012

Prkcz null mice show normal learning and memory.

Anna M Lee1, Benjamin R Kanter, Dan Wang

  • 1Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 5858 Horton Street, Suite 200, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.

Nature
|January 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Absence of protein kinase M-ζ (PKM-ζ) in mice did not impair learning or memory. Pharmacological inhibitors like ZIP can erase reward memory, even without PKM-ζ presence.

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

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Methods for the Modulation and Analysis of NF-κB-dependent Adult Neurogenesis

Published on: February 13, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Protein kinase M-ζ (PKM-ζ), a brain-specific kinase, is thought to maintain long-term memory.
  • Previous studies relied on pharmacological inhibitors like ZIP to investigate PKM-ζ's role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To genetically investigate the role of PKM-ζ in learning and memory maintenance.
  • To determine if PKM-ζ is essential for memory consolidation and erasure.

Main Methods:

  • Generated Prkcz(-/-) mice lacking both PKC-ζ and PKM-ζ via genetic targeting.
  • Assessed behavioral phenotypes including motor function, sensory perception, anxiety, and various learning/memory paradigms (fear conditioning, object recognition, cocaine CPP).
  • Administered ZIP into the nucleus accumbens to assess reward memory erasure in knockout mice.

Main Results:

  • Prkcz(-/-) mice exhibited normal behavior and learning/memory across multiple tests.
  • These mice showed reduced anxiety-like behavior.
  • ZIP injection successfully reduced cocaine-conditioned place preference, irrespective of PKM-ζ presence.

Conclusions:

  • PKM-ζ is not essential for the maintenance of learning and memory in mice.
  • The memory-erasing effects of ZIP are independent of PKM-ζ.
  • Pharmacological inhibitors may have off-target effects or target other pathways involved in memory processes.