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Arithmetic Mean01:08

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The arithmetic mean is the most commonly used measure of the central tendency of a data set. It is defined as the sum of all the elements constituting the data set, divided by the total number of elements. It is sometimes loosely referred to as the “average.”
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Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)
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Why mental arithmetic counts: brain activation during single digit arithmetic predicts high school math scores.

Gavin R Price1, Michèle M M Mazzocco, Daniel Ansari

  • 1Numerical Cognition Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6G 2K3.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|January 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Brain activity during simple arithmetic predicts high school math success. Increased activation in memory-related areas boosts scores, while quantity processing areas correlate with lower scores, impacting mathematical competence.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Individual differences in mathematical competence emerge during adolescence.
  • Understanding the neural basis of arithmetic processing is crucial for explaining math achievement variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between brain activation during single-digit arithmetic and high school mathematical competence.
  • To determine if specific neural mechanisms for arithmetic predict performance on standardized math tests.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain responses during arithmetic calculations.
  • Brain activation patterns were correlated with Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test (PSAT) math subtest scores in high school seniors.

Main Results:

  • Positive correlations were found between PSAT math scores and activation in the left supramarginal gyrus and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (arithmetic fact retrieval).
  • Greater activation in the right intraparietal sulcus (numerical quantity processing) was associated with lower PSAT math scores.

Conclusions:

  • The relative engagement of memory-based versus procedural arithmetic mechanisms influences high school mathematical competence.
  • Mental arithmetic fluency is fundamental for the development of advanced mathematical skills.