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Preparation of Nitriles

Preparation of Nitriles

One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...

Coordination Number and Geometry

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF₆: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: May 21, 2019

(Nitrato-κO)tris-[tris-(4-fluoro-phen-yl)phosphane-κP]copper(I).

Tania N Hill¹, Andreas Roodt

¹Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|January 4, 2013

Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a copper complex, [Cu(NO3)(tris-(4-fluoro-phenyl)phosphane)3]. It reveals a distorted tetrahedral geometry with specific ligand arrangements and stabilizing intermolecular interactions.

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Published on: August 22, 2018

Area of Science:

Coordination Chemistry
Supramolecular Chemistry
Crystallography

Background:

Understanding the intricate structures of metal complexes is crucial for developing new materials.
Intermolecular interactions play a significant role in stabilizing crystal packing and influencing material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure and intermolecular interactions of the title copper complex.
To analyze the coordination geometry and packing arrangement of [Cu(NO3)(tris-(4-fluoro-phenyl)phosphane)3].

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
Analysis of bond distances, angles, and non-covalent interactions (π-π, C-H⋯F, C-H⋯O) was performed.

Main Results:

The copper complex exhibits a distorted tetrahedral geometry.
Three tris-(4-fluoro-phenyl)phosphane ligands occupy basal positions, and a nitrate ligand is in the axial position.
Intramolecular π-π interactions and C-H⋯F/C-H⋯O interactions contribute to a tight head-to-tail packing.

Conclusions:

The study provides a detailed structural characterization of the copper complex.
The observed intermolecular interactions are key to the stable crystal packing of the complex.