Apoptosis detection for adherent cell populations in time-lapse phase-contrast microscopy images

The detection of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is important to understand the underlying mechanism of cell development. At present, apoptosis detection resorts to fluorescence or colorimetric assays, which may affect cell behavior and thus not allow long-term monitoring of intact cells. In this work, we present an image analysis method to detect apoptosis in time-lapse phase-contrast microscopy, which is nondestructive imaging. The method first detects candidates for apoptotic cells based on the optical principle of phase-contrast microscopy in connection with the properties of apoptotic cells. The temporal behavior of each candidate is then examined in its neighboring frames in order to determine if the candidate is indeed an apoptotic cell. When applied to three C2C12 myoblastic stem cell populations, which contain more than 1000 apoptosis, the method achieved around 90% accuracy in terms of average precision and recall.