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Related Concept Videos

Characteristics and Functions of Blood01:26

Characteristics and Functions of Blood

Blood is specialized connective tissue comprising about 8% of the body mass. It has a thick, liquid extracellular matrix that contains cells, dissolved proteins, and electrolytes, making it five times more viscous than water. Blood is warm, around 38°C, and has an alkaline pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45.
The primary function of blood is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissues and the lungs. Oxygenated blood is bright red, while oxygen-depleted blood is darker. It also carries...
Anatomy of the Circulatory System02:03

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart itself, which acts as a central pump. The systemic circuit supplies blood to the whole body, the coronary circuit supplies blood to the heart, and the pulmonary circuit supplies blood flow between the heart and lungs.
Fluid Connective Tissues: Blood and Lymph01:20

Fluid Connective Tissues: Blood and Lymph

Blood and lymph are fluid connective tissues. They contain cells, also known as formed elements, circulating in a liquid extracellular matrix, the plasma. The formed elements are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Blood and lymph connect all vital parts and carry nutrients, oxygen, and other essential molecules like antibodies.
Blood
The blood flows through blood vessels— arteries, capillaries, and veins. Blood plasma is primarily made of proteins, solutes, and water.
Blood Flow01:29

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
Capillary Exchange01:28

Capillary Exchange

The cardiovascular system's chief role is to disseminate gases, nutrients, waste, and other substances to the body's cells. Small molecules like gases, lipids, and lipid-soluble substances directly diffuse through capillary wall endothelial cell membranes. Glucose, amino acids, and ions, including sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, use transporters for facilitated diffusion via membrane-specific channels. Glucose, ions, and bigger molecules may also pass through intercellular clefts.
Structure of Blood Vessels01:15

Structure of Blood Vessels

Blood is circulated throughout the human body through a network of blood vessels called the circulatory system. This system includes arteries that transport blood from the heart to various body parts. These arterial pathways divide into smaller vessels until they reach the arterioles, which further split into capillaries. It is within these minuscule capillaries that the exchange of nutrients and waste products takes place. After this exchange, the blood is collected by venules, which fuse to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Microfluidic Flow Chambers Using Reconstituted Blood to Model Hemostasis and Platelet Transfusion In Vitro
10:25

Microfluidic Flow Chambers Using Reconstituted Blood to Model Hemostasis and Platelet Transfusion In Vitro

Published on: March 19, 2016

When blood is thinner than water.

Dilip Gude1, Aslam Abbas, Hina Mohiuddin

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Princess Durru Shehvar Children's and General Hospital, Purani Haveli, Hyderabad, India.

Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia
|January 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Anticoagulation therapy using vitamin K antagonists can lead to dangerously high International Normalized Ratio (INR) levels. This case study reviews management strategies for such overshoots during deep venous thrombosis treatment.

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Microfluidic Flow Chambers Using Reconstituted Blood to Model Hemostasis and Platelet Transfusion In Vitro
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Published on: March 19, 2016

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Endothelialized Microfluidics for Studying Microvascular Interactions in Hematologic Diseases
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Endothelialized Microfluidics for Studying Microvascular Interactions in Hematologic Diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Vitamin K antagonists are crucial for anticoagulation but possess a narrow therapeutic window.
  • Monitoring International Normalized Ratio (INR) is essential to manage anticoagulation therapy effectiveness and safety.

Observation:

  • A case of deep venous thrombosis presented with an uncontrolled overshoot in INR during anticoagulation treatment.

Findings:

  • The case highlights the potential for significant complications arising from excessive anticoagulation.
  • Various risk factors can precipitate uncontrollably high INR values, necessitating careful patient management.

Implications:

  • Effective management strategies are crucial for patients experiencing INR overshoots during anticoagulation.
  • Understanding and addressing risk factors can prevent severe adverse events and improve patient outcomes in anticoagulation therapy.