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Related Concept Videos

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane01:11

Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.
The Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:08

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They coordinate both stages of photosynthesis — the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to release oxygen and produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions capture CO2 and use ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
Structure of Chloroplasts
A...
Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:07

Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor chloroplasts—the vital organelles where photosynthesis takes place. In plants, the highest density of chloroplasts is found in the mesophyll cells of leaves.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana
09:54

Isolation and Respiratory Measurements of Mitochondria from Arabidopsis thaliana

Published on: January 5, 2018

The outer mitochondrial membrane in higher plants.

Owen Duncan1, Margaretha J van der Merwe, Daniel O Daley

  • 1ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, MCS Building M316, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.

Trends in Plant Science
|January 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria and plastids

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Cell biology
  • Plant science

Background:

  • Organelle acquisition was key for complex life.
  • Outer organelle membranes evolved new functions.
  • Roles of mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evolutionary origins and functions of mitochondrial outer membrane proteins in Arabidopsis.
  • To understand protein recruitment and functional shifts during organelle evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic inference was used to analyze protein evolution.
  • Comparative analysis of protein localization and function.

Main Results:

  • Several mitochondrial outer membrane proteins gained new functions.
  • Some proteins were recruited from different cellular locations.
  • Evidence suggests novel inter-organelle communication in plants.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins have dynamic evolutionary histories.
  • Protein evolution contributes to unique plant cell functions.
  • Further research can uncover new organelle communication pathways.