Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 15, 2026
05:30
Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
Published on: September 8, 2023
Improving packet delivery performance of publish/subscribe protocols in wireless sensor networks
Ernesto García Davis1, Anna Calveras, Ilker Demirkol
1Wireless Network Group (WNG), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. ernesto.garcia@entel.upc.edu
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 8, 2013
Summary
This study introduces an adaptive retransmission timeout (RTO) method for MQTT-S and CoAP protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The adaptive RTO significantly improves packet delivery ratio (PDR) by efficiently handling packet loss, outperforming fixed RTO methods.
Area of Science:
- Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
- Network Protocols
- Reliability Mechanisms
Background:
- MQTT-S and CoAP utilize the publish/subscribe model in WSNs, which offers scalability but can lead to high packet loss.
- Current reliability mechanisms in MQTT-S and CoAP use a fixed retransmission timeout (RTO), which is inefficient for WSNs.
Purpose of the Study:
- To propose and evaluate an adaptive RTO method for MQTT-S and CoAP protocols to improve packet delivery ratio (PDR) in WSNs.
- To demonstrate the lightweight nature of the adaptive RTO method for resource-constrained sensor nodes.
Main Methods:
- Developed an adaptive RTO method based on Smooth Round-trip Time multiplied by a constant parameter (K).
- Evaluated the impact of the K value on adaptive RTO calculation and PDR in single-hop and multi-hop WSN scenarios.
Main Results:
- The adaptive RTO method significantly increased PDR compared to fixed RTO: up to 76% for MQTT-S and 38% for CoAP in single-hop.
- In multi-hop scenarios, the adaptive RTO method improved PDR by up to 36% for MQTT-S and 14% for CoAP.
Conclusions:
- The proposed adaptive RTO method enhances reliability and PDR in WSNs for MQTT-S and CoAP.
- This method is suitable for resource-constrained WSN environments due to its lightweight design.
Related Concept Videos
01:30Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:
01:24Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers
Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...
00:54Distribution and Dispersion
To understand intra-specific interactions in populations, scientists measure the spatial arrangement of species individuals. This geographic arrangement is known as the species distribution or dispersion. Highly territorial species exhibit a uniform distribution pattern, in which individuals are spaced at relatively equal distances from one another. Species that are highly tied to particular resources, such as food or shelter, tend to concentrate around those resources, and thus exhibit a...
01:12Diffusion
Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
02:12Short-distance Transport of Resources
Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
01:17Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics
Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting their diffusion into...
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting their diffusion into...