Expression of anti-Mullerian hormone receptor on the appendix testis in connection with urological disorders

The female internal sex organs develop from the paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct. In male embryos, the regression of the Mullerian duct is caused by the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), which plays an important role in the process of testicular descent. The physiological remnant of the Mullerian duct in males is the appendix testis (AT). In our previous study, we presented evidence for the decreased incidence of AT in cryptorchidism with intraoperative surgery. In this report, the expression of the anti-Mullerian hormone receptor type 2 (AMHR2), the specific receptor of AMH, on the AT was investigated in connection with different urological disorders, such as hernia inguinalis, torsion of AT, cysta epididymis, varicocele, hydrocele testis and various forms of undescended testis. The correlation between the age of the patients and the expression of the AMHR2 was also examined. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the receptor's mRNA and protein levels, respectively. We demonstrate that AMHR2 is expressed in the ATs. Additionally, the presence of this receptor was proven at the mRNA and protein levels. The expression pattern of the receptor correlated with neither the examined urological disorders nor the age of the patients; therefore, the function of the AT remains obscure.