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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Cancer Therapies02:49

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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...

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Establishment of Cancer Stem Cell Cultures from Human Conventional Osteosarcoma
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Global challenges in pediatric oncology.

Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo1, Paola Friedrich, Lisa Morrissey

  • 1Division of Hematology-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Children's Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. carlos_rodriguezgalindo@dfci.harvard.edu

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Childhood cancer disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), causing 90% of deaths. Global partnerships and tailored treatments are crucial for improving pediatric cancer care and control in these regions.

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Area of Science:

  • Global Health
  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Childhood cancer is a significant global health challenge, with a disproportionate burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
  • Millennium Development Goals emphasize child mortality reduction, necessitating focus on noncommunicable diseases like pediatric cancers.
  • Limited data from LMICs hinder understanding of pediatric cancer epidemiology and risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of childhood cancer in LMICs.
  • To highlight challenges and successful strategies for pediatric cancer control in resource-limited settings.
  • To advocate for global initiatives addressing the growing burden of childhood cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on pediatric cancer epidemiology and outcomes in LMICs.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to poor outcomes, including late diagnosis and limited treatment access.
  • Evaluation of successful capacity-building initiatives and treatment adaptation strategies.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 200,000 children and adolescents are diagnosed annually, with 80% in LMICs, accounting for 90% of deaths.
  • Key challenges include underdiagnosis, late presentation, high treatment abandonment, malnutrition, and inadequate supportive care.
  • Successful interventions involve integrated program building, healthcare provider education, research, and intensity-graduated treatments tailored to local capacity.

Conclusions:

  • The burden of childhood cancer is increasingly concentrated in LMICs, demanding urgent global attention.
  • International collaborations are vital for building capacity through stepwise processes, incorporating research, and implementing adapted treatments.
  • Effective strategies involve strengthening regional capacity, improving access to care, and tailoring treatments to local healthcare capabilities.