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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

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Updated: May 15, 2026

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
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Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

Published on: September 22, 2023

Human rhinoviruses.

Samantha E Jacobs1, Daryl M Lamson, Kirsten St George

  • 1Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews
|January 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) cause over half of cold-like illnesses. This review details HRV virology, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies, highlighting their role beyond upper respiratory infections.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are a major cause of respiratory illnesses, leading to significant economic and health burdens.
  • Advances in molecular techniques have identified three distinct HRV groups (A, B, C) within the Enterovirus genus.
  • Traditionally linked to upper respiratory infections, HRVs are increasingly recognized as lower respiratory tract pathogens in vulnerable populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of HRV.
  • To assess current knowledge on HRV virology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology.
  • To review diagnostic features, treatment, and prevention strategies for HRV infections.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of basic virology, pathogenesis, clinical epidemiology, and laboratory features.

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An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
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An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Published on: December 10, 2013

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
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Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions

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An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
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An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Published on: December 10, 2013

  • Analysis of recent findings on HRV as a lower respiratory tract pathogen.
  • Evaluation of current treatment and prevention strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • HRVs are responsible for over 50% of cold-like illnesses, incurring substantial annual costs.
    • PCR assays have revealed HRV's role in lower respiratory tract infections, especially in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
    • Research is ongoing to differentiate viral pathogenicity from host immune response in clinical manifestations.

    Conclusions:

    • HRVs are significant pathogens with evolving recognition of their clinical impact.
    • Effective antiviral therapies are lacking, with supportive care being the primary treatment approach.
    • Further research is crucial for understanding HRV pathogenesis and developing targeted interventions.