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Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...
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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Triplet Fusion Upconversion Nanocapsule Synthesis
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Published on: September 7, 2022

Recent advances in singlet fission.

Millicent B Smith1, Josef Michl

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA.

Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
|January 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Singlet fission, a process generating two triplet excitons from one singlet exciton, shows potential for high-efficiency photovoltaics. Research is advancing molecular design rules for new materials beyond acenes.

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Area of Science:

  • Photochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Organic Electronics

Background:

  • Singlet fission is a spin-allowed process where one singlet excited molecule generates two triplet excited molecules.
  • This phenomenon has been observed in various solid states (single-crystal, polycrystalline, amorphous) with rapid timescales (80 fs to 25 ps).
  • High triplet yields (up to 200%) and external quantum efficiencies (>100%) in photovoltaic devices highlight its potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To survey recent advancements in understanding singlet fission.
  • To discuss the development of molecular structure design rules for singlet fission materials.
  • To explore the potential for wider structural variety in efficient singlet fission materials.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on singlet fission.
  • Analysis of experimental observations across different material forms and timescales.
  • Theoretical considerations for designing new molecular structures.

Main Results:

  • Efficient singlet fission materials are predominantly alternant hydrocarbons (acene series and derivatives).
  • Singlet fission occurs on ultrafast to picosecond timescales, yielding high triplet populations.
  • Photovoltaic devices leveraging singlet fission demonstrate efficiencies exceeding 100%.

Conclusions:

  • Singlet fission is a promising mechanism for enhancing photovoltaic performance.
  • Developing broader design rules is crucial for expanding the range of efficient singlet fission materials.
  • First-principles theoretical approaches are guiding the design of novel molecular structures for singlet fission.