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Related Concept Videos

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that stretch at a...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator
07:42

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

Published on: December 15, 2021

Mid-infrared optical frequency combs at 2.5 μm based on crystalline microresonators.

C Y Wang1, T Herr, P Del'Haye

  • 1Max-Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann Strasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

Nature Communications
|January 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new mid-infrared optical frequency comb using a magnesium fluoride microresonator. This compact, efficient source is ideal for advanced molecular spectroscopy applications.

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator
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Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies
09:38

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies

Published on: December 18, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Spectroscopy
  • Quantum Optics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The mid-infrared (MIR) spectral range (2-20 μm) is crucial for molecular spectroscopy due to strong vibrational fingerprints.
  • Optical frequency combs (OFCs) offer precise spectral lines for advanced spectroscopic techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel method for generating MIR OFCs.
  • To develop a compact and efficient MIR frequency comb source for molecular spectroscopy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized four-wave mixing in a continuous-wave pumped, ultra-high Q crystalline microresonator.
  • Employed magnesium fluoride (MgF2) as the resonator material for its suitable optical properties.

Main Results:

  • Generated a broadband Kerr comb at 2.5 μm, spanning 200 nm (10 THz).
  • Achieved a large mode spacing of 100 GHz with low phase noise.
  • Demonstrated a compact, efficient source with high power per comb line.

Conclusions:

  • The novel MgF2 microresonator approach successfully generates MIR OFCs.
  • This compact and efficient frequency comb source shows significant promise for molecular spectroscopy.
  • The technology is suitable for further extension into the longer wavelength MIR region.