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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Identifying the Binding Proteins of Small Ligands with the Differential Radial Capillary Action of Ligand Assay (DRaCALA)
09:26

Identifying the Binding Proteins of Small Ligands with the Differential Radial Capillary Action of Ligand Assay (DRaCALA)

Published on: March 19, 2021

Characterization and DNA-binding specificities of Ralstonia TAL-like effectors.

Lixin Li1, Ahmed Atef, Agnieszka Piatek

  • 1Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Molecular Plant
|January 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Ralstonia solanacearum TALE-like proteins (RTLs) are DNA-targeting modules similar to TALEs. These RTLs can be engineered for precise genomic and epigenomic modifications, offering an alternative to existing genome-engineering tools.

Keywords:
Ralstonia solanacearumTAL effectorsTALE activators and repressorsTALE nucleases (TALENs)genome engineeringtargeted genome modifications

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Identifying the Binding Proteins of Small Ligands with the Differential Radial Capillary Action of Ligand Assay (DRaCALA)
09:26

Identifying the Binding Proteins of Small Ligands with the Differential Radial Capillary Action of Ligand Assay (DRaCALA)

Published on: March 19, 2021

An Assay for Quantifying Protein-RNA Binding in Bacteria
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Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes
10:07

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Plant Pathology

Background:

  • Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are established DNA-binding modules for genome engineering.
  • Ralstonia solanacearum TALE-like proteins (RTLs) share structural similarities with TALEs, featuring a DNA-binding domain with repeats.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize RTLs from Ralstonia solanacearum.
  • To determine the DNA-binding specificities of RTLs.
  • To develop an efficient method for engineering RTL effectors for genome modification.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of RTL protein localization and function in plant cells.
  • Determination of DNA-binding specificities for specific RTL repeat variable di-residues (RVDs).
  • Development of a repeat assembly approach for engineering RTLs.

Main Results:

  • RTLs localize to the plant cell nucleus, bind DNA, and may act as transcriptional activators.
  • Specific RVDs (ND, HN, NP, NT) were found to bind distinct DNA nucleotides (C, A, G).
  • A highly efficient repeat assembly method for engineering RTL effectors was established.

Conclusions:

  • RTLs are unique, customizable DNA-targeting modules suitable for genome and epigenome engineering.
  • RTLs represent a promising alternative to TALEs for targeted DNA modifications.
  • Findings advance understanding of RTL molecular biology and their role in Ralstonia pathogenicity.