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Bonobos share with strangers.

Jingzhi Tan1, Brian Hare

  • 1Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America. jingzhi.tan@duke.edu

Plos One
|January 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bonobos, like humans, share food with strangers, demonstrating that this behavior isn't unique to humans. Their prosociality is partly unselfish, suggesting social tolerance, not just human traits, drives sharing with strangers.

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Area of Science:

  • Primate behavior
  • Comparative psychology
  • Evolutionary anthropology

Background:

  • Humans exhibit a unique tendency to share with strangers, often attributed to language, social norms, or cooperative breeding.
  • Bonobos, as humans' closest living relatives, display high social tolerance and affiliative interactions with unfamiliar individuals in the wild.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether bonobos voluntarily share food with strangers.
  • To determine the underlying motivations for bonobo prosociality towards unfamiliar individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments were conducted to assess bonobo food donation behavior towards strangers.
  • Behavioral observations focused on voluntary food sharing and helping behaviors in the presence or absence of social interaction.

Main Results:

  • Bonobos will forgo their own food to interact with a stranger.
  • Bonobos exhibit unselfish motivation by helping strangers access out-of-reach food even without direct social interaction.
  • Food donation is limited when no social interaction is possible, indicating a boundary to their prosociality.

Conclusions:

  • Other-regarding preferences for strangers are not exclusive to humans.
  • Human-specific factors like language and social norms are not prerequisites for the evolution of xenophilic sharing.
  • Prosociality towards strangers likely evolved from selection for social tolerance, facilitating broader social networks, with human culture further extending these behaviors.