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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force per...
Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
Absorption of Radiation01:05

Absorption of Radiation

The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan01:13

Radiological Investigation III: Pulmonary Angiogram and PET Scan

Radiological investigations are paramount in the diagnosis and management of various pulmonary diseases. Two essential investigations are the Pulmonary Angiogram and the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan.
Pulmonary Angiogram
A Pulmonary Angiogram is an invasive procedure involving injecting a contrast medium through a catheter threaded into the pulmonary artery or the right side of the heart to visualize the pulmonary vasculature. Computed Tomography (CT) scans have mainly replaced this...

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Updated: May 15, 2026

An Automated Microscopic Scoring Method for the γ-H2AX Foci Assay in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
08:23

An Automated Microscopic Scoring Method for the γ-H2AX Foci Assay in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Published on: December 25, 2021

Commentary on the appropriate radiation level for evacuations.

Jerry M Cuttler1

  • 1Cuttler & Associates Inc.

Dose-Response : a Publication of International Hormesis Society
|January 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

International radiation protection policy led to unnecessary Fukushima evacuations and fear due to invalid risk assessments. Revising the International Commission on Radiological Protection recommendations is crucial for accurate, conservative radiation protection.

Keywords:
evacuationnuclear accidentradiation protectionspontaneous DNA damagestimulated biodefences

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

An Automated Microscopic Scoring Method for the γ-H2AX Foci Assay in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
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Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition
06:20

Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition

Published on: March 11, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Radiation protection policy
  • Nuclear safety
  • Public health risk assessment

Background:

  • The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPS) incident prompted widespread evacuations.
  • Over 90,000 residents were evacuated, incurring significant costs for hypothetical cancer risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the international radiation protection policy applied during the Fukushima Daiichi NPS evacuation.
  • To evaluate the validity of the precautionary measures and evacuation radiation levels.
  • To recommend changes to radiation protection policies.

Main Methods:

  • Critical review of existing international radiation protection policies.
  • Analysis of the radiation levels used for evacuation decisions.
  • Assessment of the scientific basis for precautionary measures.

Main Results:

  • The basis for precautionary measures and evacuation levels was found to be invalid.
  • The chosen radiation level for evacuation was not conservative.
  • Evacuation actions resulted in unnecessary public fear and suffering.

Conclusions:

  • The current international radiation protection policy and International Commission on Radiological Protection recommendations require radical changes.
  • A more appropriate radiation level for evacuation should be established.
  • Revising policies will prevent unnecessary fear and suffering in future incidents.